      2.1  樨 ⥪ x86
      2.1.1  樨 ६饭 
      2.1.2 樨 ८ࠧ ⨯.
      2.1.3  䬥᪨ 樨
      2.1.4   䬥᪨ 樨
      2.1.5  ᪨ 樨
      2.1.6 樨 । ࠢ
      2.1.7  樨 -뢮
      2.1.8  ப 樨
      2.1.9  樨 ࠢ 䫠
      2.1.10  ᫮ 樨
      2.1.11   樨
      2.1.12  ⥬ 樨
      2.1.13  樨 FPU
      2.1.14  樨 MMX
      2.1.15  樨 SSE


2.1  樨 ⥪ x86

 ⮬ ࠣ    ଠ  ᨭ⠪  祭 権 ᥬ. ᫨  㦭  孨᪮ ଠ樨, ᬮ Intel Architecture Software Developer's Manual. 樨 ᥬ    ( 樨)  ᪮쪨 ࠭ (   ). ᫨ ࠭   ,  筮   ,   筨. ࠭   ॣ,   ।⢥ 祭 (஡  ᨭ⠪ ࠭ ᬮ  1.2). ᫥ ᠭ  樨   ਬ ࠧ 権 ࠭, ᫨, 筮,  ᮤন ࠭.
     樨 ࠡ  䨪    । 㣮 樥  ⮩  ப.   ப  ᪮쪮 䨪ᮢ.   ᥣ⭮ ॣ  ⮦  樨-䨪,  ४ ᯮ짮 饭 ᥣ   ᪮   䨪ᮢ.


2.1.1  樨 ६饭 

"mov" ७ , ᫮   ᫮  ࠭-筨  ࠭-.    ।   ॣࠬ 饣 祭,   ॣ஢  , ⭮,    ६     .  ⠪  । ।⢥ 祭  ॣ 饣 祭   , ᥣ ॣ  ॣ 饣 祭   , ॣ 饣 祭  ᥣ ॣ   , ஫  ⫠ ॣ  ॣ 饣 祭  . "mov"   ᥬ஢ ⮫쪮 ᫨ ࠧ ࠭-筨  ࠧ ࠭- ᮢ.  ਢ ਬ   ᫥ 権:

    mov bx,ax       ;  ॣ 饣 祭  ॣ 饣 祭
    mov [char],al   ;  ॣ 饣 祭  
    mov bl,[char]   ;    ॣ 饣 祭
    mov dl,32       ; ।⢥ 祭  ॣ 饣 祭
    mov [char],32   ; ।⢥ 祭  
    mov ax,ds       ;  ᥣ⭮ ॣ  ॣ 饣 祭
    mov [bx],ds     ;  ᥣ⭮ ॣ  
    mov ds,ax       ;  ॣ 饣 祭  ᥣ ॣ
    mov ds,[bx]     ;    ᥣ ॣ
    mov eax,cr0     ;  ஫쭮 ॣ  ॣ 饣 祭
    mov cr3,ebx     ;  ॣ 饣 祭  ஫ ॣ

    "xchg"  ⠬ 祭  ࠭.     ⮢ ࠭, ࠭ ࠧ஬  ᫮  ࠧ஬   ᫮. 冷 ࠭  .   ஫  㯠  ॣ 饣 祭  ॣ 饣 祭    . ਬ:

    xchg ax,bx      ;  ⠬  ॣ 饣 祭
    xchg al,[char]  ; ॣ 饣 祭  

"push" 㬥蠥 祭 㪠⥫ ⥪ ३ (ॣ ESP), ⮬ ॢ ࠭   ⥪,   㪠뢠 ESP. ࠭   , ॣ 饣 祭, ᥣ ॣ  ।⢥ 祭 ࠧ஬  ᫮   ᫮. ᫨ ࠭ -  ।⢥ 祭   ࠧ  ।,   16-⭮ ०  㬮砭  ࠡ뢠  ᫮,   32-⭮ ०   ᫮.  "pushw"  "pushd" -  ਠ ⮩ 樨,  ࠭ ᮮ⢥⢥ ᫮   ᫮. ᫨   ப ᮤন ᪮쪮 ࠭ (ࠧ ஡,   묨),  ஠ᥬ 楯 権 "push"  ⨬ ࠭.  ਬ  묨 ࠭:

    push ax         ; ࠭ ॣ 饣 祭
    push es         ; ࠭ ᥣ ॣ
    pushw [bx]      ; ࠭ 
    push 1000h      ; ࠭ ।⢥ 祭

    "pusha" ࠭  ⥪ ᮤন 쬨 ॣ஢ 饣 祭.    ࠭.   ᨨ ⮩ 樨: 16-⭠  32-⭠. ᥬ ⮬᪨  , ᮮ⢥ ⥪饬 ०, , ᯮ  "pushaw"  "pushad",    ⮣, ⮡ ᥣ , ᮮ⢥⢥, 16-  32- . 16-⭠  ⮩ 樨 ࠭ ॣ 饣 祭  ⠪ 浪: AX, CX, DX, BX, 祭 ॣ SP । ⥬,   ࠭ AX,  BP, SI  DI. 32-⭠  ࠭  32- ॣ  ⮬  浪.
    "pop" ॢ ᫮   ᫮  ⥪饩 誨 ⥪  ࠤ-  ᫥ 㬥蠥 ESP  㪠⥫    ⥪. ࠭  㦨 , ॣ 饣 祭  ᥣ ॣ.  "popw"  "popd" -  ਠ ⮩ 樨, ⠭騥 ᮮ⢥⢥ ᫮   ᫮. ᫨   ப ᮤন ᪮쪮 ࠭, ࠧ ஡,  ᥬ 楯 権  ⨬ ࠭.

    pop bx          ; ⠭ ॣ 饣 祭
    pop ds          ; ⠭ ᥣ ॣ
    popw [si]       ; ⠭ 

"popa" ⠭ ॣ, ࠭  ⥪ 樥 "pusha", ஬ ࠭ 祭 SP ( ESP)?  㤥 ந஢.  ⮩ 樨  ࠭. ⮡ ᥬ஢ 16  32-  ⮩ 樨, ᯮ  "popaw"  "popad".


2.1.2 樨 ८ࠧ ⨯.

樨 ८ࠧ ⨯    ᫮, ᫮   ᫮   ᫮  ⢥ ᫮.  ८ࠧ  ᮢ, ᯮ   㫥 ७.  ७  ⥫  襣 ࠭ 祭   襣 ࠭, 㫥 ७    ﬨ.
    "cwd"  "cdq" 㤢 ࠧ ॣ AX  EAX ᮮ⢥⢥  ࠭ ⥫   ॣ DX  EDX. ८ࠧ , ᯮ  ७.   樨   ࠭.
    "cbw"    AL  ॣ AX,  "cwde"   ᫮ AX  EAX.  樨 ⠪   ࠭.
    "movsx" ८ࠧ   ᫮    ᫮  ᫮   ᫮, ᯮ  ७. "movzx"    ᠬ,  ᯮ 㫥 ७. ࠭-筨   ॣ 饣 祭  , ⮣  ࠭-⮬   ॣ 饣 祭. ਬ:

    movsx ax,al         ;   ᫮
    movsx edx,dl        ;    ᫮
    movsx eax,ax        ; ᫮   ᫮
    movsx ax,byte [bx]  ;    ᫮
    movsx edx,byte [bx] ;     ᫮
    movsx eax,word [bx] ; ᫮    ᫮


2.1.3  䬥᪨ 樨

"add"  ࠭- 㬬 ࠭-筨    ⠢ CF, ᫨ 뫮 ९. ࠭  , ᫮   ᫮. ⮬   ॣ 饣 祭  , 筨 ॣ 饣 祭  ।⢥ 祭.     , ᫨  -  ॣ.

    add ax,bx       ; ਡ ॣ  ॣ
    add ax,[si]     ; ਡ   ॣ
    add [di],al     ; ਡ ॣ  
    add al,48       ; ਡ ।⢥ 祭  ॣ
    add [char],48   ; ਡ ।⢥ 祭  

    "adc" 㬬 ࠭, ਡ , ᫨ ⮨ CF    १⮬. ਠ  ࠭ ⠪    楩 "add". "add"  ᫥騬   ᪮쪨 ﬨ "adc"   ᯮ짮  ᫮ ᥫ , 祬 32 .
    "inc" ਡ  ࠭ ,     CF. ࠭   ॣ 饣 祭  , ࠧ஬     , ᫮   ᫮.

    inc ax          ; ਡ   ॣ
    inc byte [bx]   ; 㢥稢   

    "sub" ⠥ ࠭-筨  ࠭     १⮬. ᫨ ॡ ⥫ ७, ⠭ CF. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "add".
    "sbb" ⠥ 筨  , ⭨ , ᫨ ⠭ CF    १⮬. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "add". "sub"  ᫥騬   ᪮쪨 ﬨ "sbb"   ᯮ짮  ⠭ ᥫ , 祬 32 .
    "dec" ⠥  ࠭ ,    CF. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "inc".
    "cmp" ⠥ ࠭-筨  -.    ⠭ 䫠,   "sub",      ࠭. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "sub".
    "neg" ⭨   楫᫥ ࠭  . 䥪  ⮩ 樨 -  ᬥ  ࠭  ⥫쭮  ⥫   ⥫쭮  ⥫. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "inc".
    "xadd"  ⠬ ࠭-  ࠭-筨, ⮬ 㦠 㬬  祭  ࠭-. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "add".  襯᫥ 樨  䫠 SF, ZF, PF  OF. SF ᥣ ਭ 祭, ࠢ   १, ZF ⠭, ᫨ १ ࠢ , PF ⠭, ᫨ ᥬ ⮢  ࠧ鸞 ᮤঠ ⭮ ᫮ , OF ⠭, ᫨ १ ᫨誮 让  ⥫쭮 ᫠  ᫨誮 쪨  ⥫쭮 (᪫  )  ⮣, ⮡ 㬥  ࠭-.
    "mul" 믮  ६ ࠭  . ᫨ ࠭ - ,  㬭   ᮤন AL  頥 16- १  AH  AL. ᫨ ࠭ - ᫮,  㬭   ᮤন AX  頥 32- १  DX  AX. ᫨  ࠭ -   ᫮,  㬭   ᮤন EAX  頥 64- १  EDX  EAX. "mul"⠭ CF  OF, ᫨   १ 㫥,   . ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "inc".
    "imul" 믮  ६ ࠭.  ⮩ 樨   ਠ樨. ࢠ   ࠭  ࠡ⠥ ⠪ ,   "mul".    ࠭,   ࠭- 㬭  ࠭-筨  १  ࠭-. ⮨ ࠭   ॣ 饣 祭,   ।⢥ 祭.  ଠ 樨   ࠭, ࠭-⮬   ॣ 饣 祭,   ᫮    ᫮, ࠭-筨   ॣ 饣 祭  , 쨬 ࠭   ।⢥ 祭. 筨 㬭  ।⢥ 祭  १ 頥  ॣ-.     १ ࠧ஬   ࠧ  ࠧ ࠭  ⠢ CF  OF, ᫨   १ 㫥,      ᥪ १  ࠧ ࠭. ,   ᯮ짮   ࠭, ⮬    १         ࠭.    ਬ   :

    imul bl         ; 㬭   ॣ
    imul word [si]  ; 㬭   
    imul bx,cx      ; 㬭 ॣ  ॣ
    imul bx,[si]    ; 㬭 ॣ  
    imul bx,10      ; 㬭 ॣ  ।⢥ 祭
    imul ax,bx,10   ; ॣ, 㬭  ।⢥ 祭,  ॣ
    imul ax,[si],10 ; , 㬭  ।⢥ 祭,  ॣ

    "div" ந     ࠭.  () ࠧ஬   ࠧ  ⥫ (࠭), ⭮  ⮪ ⠪  ࠧ ,   ⥫. ᫨ ⥫ - ,    ॣ AX, ⭮ ࠭  AL,  ⮪ -  AH. ᫨ ⥫ - ᫮,      DX,   -  AX, ⭮ ࠭  AX,  ⮪ -  DX. ᫨ ⥫ -  ᫮,      EDX,   -  EAX, ⭮ ࠭  EAX,  ⮪ -  EDX. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "mul".
    "idiv" 믮     ࠭.  ᯮ   ॣ,   "div", ࠢ   ࠭ ⮦ ⠪-.


2.1.4   䬥᪨ 樨

筠 䬥⨪ ।⠢   ᮥ  䬥᪨ 権 (ᠭ  ।饬 ࠣ)  묨 䬥᪨ ﬨ.  䬥᪨ 樨 ᯮ  ⮣, ⮡ ᯮᮡ १ ।饩 筮 䬥᪮ 樨  ᮧ ⨬ ᦠ⮣  ᦠ⮣ (?) 筮 १,  ᯮᮡ 室   ᫥饩 筮 䬥᪮ 樨 ⠪, ⮡   ⠪  ⨬ ᦠ  ᦠ  १.
    "daa" ਫ १ ᫮  ⨬ ᦠ  ᫠  AL. "daa" ᥣ  ᫥  㬬஢   ᦠ   (     ), ⮡   १  ⨬ ᦠ  ᨬ. ᫨ ॡ ७, 㤥 ⠭ 䫠 ७.  ⮩ 樨  ࠭.
    "das" ਫ १ ⠭  ⨬ ᦠ  ᫠  AL. "das" ᥣ  ᫥  ⠭   ᦠ   (     )  㣮, ⮡   १  ⨬ ᦠ  ᨬ. ᫨ ॡ ⥫ ७, 㤥 ⠭ 䫠 ७.  ⮩ 樨  ࠭.
    "aaa"  ᮤন ॣ AL  ⨬ ᦠ⮥ 筮 ᫮   孨  . "aaa" ᥣ  ᫥  ᫮  ᦠ  ࠭  AL. ᫨ 室 ७, ⠭ 䫠 ७  㢥稢   AH.  ⮩ 樨  ࠭.
    "aas"  ᮤন ॣ AL  ⨬ ᦠ⮥ 筮 ᫮   孨  . "aas" ᥣ  ᫥  ⠭  ᦠ⮣ 筮 ࠭  㣮  AL. ᫨ 室 ७, ⠭ 䫠 ७  㬥蠥   AH.  ⮩ 樨  ࠭.
    "aam" ४ १ 㬭  ⨬ ᦠ  ᥫ.  ᮧ ࠢ쭮 筮 १   ᥣ ᫥  㬭   ᥫ.  孥 ॣ ।  AH,   -  AL. 饭  ⮩ 樨    ᮤন AX  ᮧ  ᦠ    ᭮. ⠭⭠  ⮩ 樨   ࠭,  饭 ᨨ   ࠭ - ।⢥ 祭, ।饥 ᭮ ᮧ ᥫ.
    "aad"    AH  AL, ⮡ ⮢    ⨬ ᦠ  ࠭ ⠪, ⮡ ⭮ ⠫ ⨬ ᦠ  ᫮. AH  ᮤঠ  孥 ॣ,  AL -   ॣ.   ४ 祭  頥 १  AL, ⮣  AH 㤥 ᮤঠ . 饭  ⮩ 樨     ᦠ    ᭮. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "aam".


2.1.5  ᪨ 樨

"not"     ࠭  ଥ ⭮  ࠭.  뢠 ﭨ  䫠. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "inc".
    "and", "or"  "xor" ந ⠭ ᪨ 樨.   䫠 SF, ZF  PF. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "add".
    "bt", "bts", "btr"  "btc"    ,       ॣ 饣 祭. ᯮ  ।  ᬥ饭    ॣ ࠭. 祭 ᬥ饭   ண ࠭,     ॣ 饣 祭,  .  樨   ᢠ 䫠 CF 祭 ࠭ . "bt"  祣  , "bts" ᢠ ࠭  祭 1, "btr" 뢠   0, "btc"  祭    .  ࠭   ᫮   ᫮.

    bt  ax,15        ;    ॣ
    bts word [bx],15 ;   ⠢   
    btr ax,cx        ;   뢠   ॣ
    btc word [bx],cx ;      

    樨 "bsf"  "bsr"   ᫮   ᫮  ⠭   ࠭  ⮣   ࠭-,    ॣ 饣 祭. 㥬 ப ⮢ । ࠭-筨,     ॣ 饣 祭,  . ᫨ ப 㫥 (  筮 ),  ⠭ 䫠 ZF;   頥. ᫨     ⠭ , 祭 ࠭   ।. "bsf" ᪠   ॣ  孥 (稭    ᮬ ). "bsr" ᪠  孥 ॣ   (稭    ᮬ 15  ᫮    31   ᫮).


    bsf ax,bx        ; ᪠஢ ॣ  ⠭
    bsr ax,[si]      ; ᪭஢   ⭮ 浪

    "shl" ᤢ ࠭-   ।  ࠭ ⢮ ⮢. ࠭-⮬   ॣ 饣 祭   ࠧ஬  , ᫮   ᫮.  ࠭   ।⢥ 祭  ॣ CL.  "" 㫨 ࠢ (  ॣ),   "室" ᫥. ᫥ "襤訩"    CF. "sal" -  ᨭ "shl".

    shl al,1         ; ᤢ ॣ    
    shl byte [bx],1  ; ᤢ     
    shl ax,cl        ; ᤢ ॣ   ⢮  CL
    shl word [bx],cl ; ᤢ    ⢮  CL

    "shr"  "sar" ᤢ ࠭- ࠢ  ᫮ ⮢, ।  ஬ ࠭. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "shl". "shr" "" 㫨   ஭ ࠭-,  "室" ࠢ. ᫥ "襤騩"    CF. "sar" ࠭  ࠭, "" ᫥ ﬨ, ᫨ 祭 ⥫쭮,  栬, ᫨ 祭 ⥫쭮.
    "shld" ᤢ  ࠭-     쥬 ࠭ ᫮ ⮢,   ६  ࠢ ""  孨 ॣ஢ ࠭-筨. ࠭-筨  . ࠭-⮬   ॣ 饣 祭   ࠧ஬  ᫮   ᫮, ࠭-筨   ॣ 饣 祭, 쨬 ࠭   ।⢥ 祭  CL.

    shld ax,bx,1     ; ᤢ ॣ    
    shld [di],bx,1   ; ᤢ     
    shld ax,bx,cl    ; ᤢ ॣ   ⢮  CL
    shld [di],bx,cl  ; ᤢ    ⢮  CL

    "shrd" c  ࠭- ࠢ,   ६  ᫥ ""   ॣ஢ ࠭-筨. ࠭-筨 ⠥ . ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "shld".
    "rol"  "rcl" 横᪨ ᤢ , ᫮   ᫮   ᫮ ⮢,   ஬ ࠭.    樨 訩 , 室騩 ᫥,  ࠢ  ⠭ ᠬ 訬 ⮬. "rcl" ⥫쭮 頥  CF   襣 ॣ, 室騩 ᫥, । ⥬,     ࠭  訩   ६ ᫥饣 横 樨. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "shl".
    "ror"  "rcr" 横᪨ ᤢ , ᫮   ᫮ ࠢ  ᫮ ⮢,   ஬ ࠭.    樨 訩 , 室騩 ࠢ,  ᫥  ⠭ ᠬ 訬 ⮬. "rcr" ⥫쭮 頥  CF   襣 ॣ, 室騩 ᫥, । ⥬,     ࠭  訩   ६ ᫥饣 横 樨. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "shl".
    "test" ந ⠪  ⢨,   "and",    ࠭-, ⮫쪮  䫠. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "and".
    "bswap" ॢ稢 冷 ⮢  32-⭮ ॣ 饣 祭:   0  7  ⠬  ⠬  24  31,    8  15   ⠬  16  23.   ।ᬮ७  ८ࠧ 祭   浪 ⮢  ଠ  ⭮ 浪  .

    bswap edx        ; ⠭ ⮢  ॣ

2.1.6 樨 । ࠢ


"jmp" 筮 । ࠢ   .  祭   । ।⢥  樨  ᢥ १ ॣ  , ⨬ ࠧ    ⮣,  室,   쭨,  ⠪  ⮣,  , 16-⭠  32-⭠. ࠭   室   ࠧ஬ "word"  16-⭮ 樨  ࠧ஬ "dword"  32-⭮ 樨. ࠭  쭥 室   ࠧ஬ "dword"  16-⭮ 樨  ࠧ஬ "pword"  32-⭮ 樨. ﬠ  "jmp" ᮤন  祭   樨, ࠭, ।騬  ,   ᫮ ࠦ   室   ᫠, ࠧ 稥,  쭥 室, ࢮ ।  ᥣ, ஥ - ᬥ饭  ᥣ. ﬠ  "jmp" 砥  祭 १ ॣ  ६-㪠⥫, ࠭   ॣ 饣 祭  .   ஡ ଠ樨 ᬮ ⠪ 1.2.5.

    jmp 100h         ; אַ  室
    jmp 0FFFFh:0     ; אַ 쭨 室
    jmp ax           ; אַ  室
    jmp pword [ebx]  ; אַ 쭨 室

    "call" । ࠢ 楤, ࠭  ⥪  樨, ᫥饩  "call",  쭥襣 饭   樥 "ret". ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "jmp",  "call"   ⪮ ਠ   אַ 樨,  ⮬  ⨬஢.
    "ret", "retn"  "retf" ४ 믮 楤 । ࠢ  ணࠬ,  砫쭮 맢  楤, ᯮ ,   ࠭  ⥪ 樥 "call". "ret"   "retn",  頥  楤,  뫠 맢  ᯮ짮  室, ⮣  "retf" 頥  楤,  뫠 맢  ᯮ짮 쭥 室.  樨 ࠧ㬥 ࠧ , ᮮ⢥騩 ⥪饩 ⠭ ,   ࠧ     16-    "retw", "retnw"  "retfw"   32-   "retd", "retnd"  "retfd".   樨  樮쭮 ।뢠 ।⢥ ࠭, ᫨  ⠭  㪠⥫ ⥪,  䥪⨢ 㤠  㬥,  맢 ணࠬ   ⥪ । 믮 樨 "call".
    "iret" 頥 ࠢ ࢠ 楤.   ⫨砥  "ret"  ⮬,   ⠪ 뢮  ⥪ 䫠  ॣ 䫠.  ࠭  ⥪ 堭 뢠.  ࠧ㬥 ࠧ , ᮮ⢥騩 ⥪饩 ⠭ ,   ࠧ     16-   32-    "iretw"  "iretd".
    ᫮ 樨 室 ⢫   ⢫ । ࠢ  ᨬ  ﭨ 䫠 CPU  ६ 맮  権.  ᫮ 室   祭  ᫮  (ᬮ ⠡ 2.1)  ᨬ "j", ਬ  "jc" ⢫ । ࠢ, ᫨ ⠭ 䫠 CF. ᫮ 室   ⮫쪮       ⨬஢ (ᬮ 1.2.5), ࠭   ᫮, ।饥  祭.

    2.1  ᫮
  Ŀ
     㥬 ᫮    ᠭ               
  ͵
   o         OF = 1                 ९           
  Ĵ
   no        OF = 0                  ९       
  Ĵ
   c                                ७                
   b         CF = 1                                  
   nae                                  ࠢ   
  Ĵ
   nc                                ७           
   ae        CF = 0                   ࠢ         
   nb                                                
  Ĵ
   e         ZF = 1                 ࠢ                  
   z                                                   
  Ĵ
   ne        ZF = 0                  ࠢ               
   nz                                                
  Ĵ
   be        CF or ZF = 1             ࠢ         
   na                                                
  Ĵ
   a         CF or ZF = 0                              
   nbe                                  ࠢ     
  Ĵ
   s         SF = 1                                
  Ĵ
   ns        SF = 0                             
  Ĵ
   p         PF = 1                 ⭮                 
   pe                                                      
  Ĵ
   np        PF = 0                 ⭮               
   po                                                      
  Ĵ
   l         SF xor OF = 1                           
   nge                                  ࠢ   
  Ĵ
   ge        SF xor OF = 0            ࠢ       
   nl                                              
  Ĵ
   le        (SF xor OF) or ZF = 1    ࠢ       
   ng                                              
  Ĵ
   g         (SF xor OF) or ZF = 0                   
   nle                                  ࠢ   
  

    "loop" -  ᫮ 室,  ᯮ 祭  CX ( ECX)  । ⢠ ७ 横.  樨 "loop" ⮬᪨ 㬥   CX ( ECX)   横,  CX ( ECX) ࠢ . CX  ECX  ᯮ  ᨬ   ⥪饩 ⠭ ⭮  - 16-  32-⭮,    ਭ㤨⥫쭮 ᯮ짮 CX    "loopw",  ECX    "loopd".
    "loope"  "loopz"  ᨭ ⮩ 樨,  ࠡ ⠪ ,  ⠭ "loop",    ࠡ, ᫨ ⠭ ZF. "loopew"  "loopzw" ⠢ ᯮ짮 ॣ CX,  "looped"  "loopzd" ⠢ ᯮ짮 ॣ ECX.
    "loopne"  "loopnz"  ⮦ ᨭ ⮩  樨,  ࠡ ⠪ ,  ⠭ "loop",    ࠡ, ᫨ ZF 襭  . "loopnew"  "loopnzw" ⠢ ᯮ짮 ॣ CX,  "loopned"  "loopnzd" ⠢ ᯮ짮 ॣ ECX.
      "loop" ॡ ࠭ ᫮, ।饥  祭, 祬    ⮫쪮  室 ( । 128    127  ।   樨, ᫥饩  "loop").
    "jcxz" 室  ⪥, 㪠  樨, ᫨ 室  CX , "jecxz"   ,  ஢ ॣ ECX. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "loop".
    "int" ⨢ ⠭ ࢨ 뢠,  ᮮ⢥ , 㪠  ࠭  .  ᫮  室  ।  1  255. ⠭ ࢨ 뢠 稢  "iret",  頥 ࠢ 樨, ᫥饩  "int". "int3"  ⪮ (  ) ⥬ 뢠, ஥ 뢠 뢠 3. "into" 뢠 뢠 4, ᫨ ⠭ 䫠 OF.
    "bound" ஢, 室   ᫮, ᮤঠ饥  㪠 ॣ  㦭 ।. ᫨ ᫮  ॣ   ࠭   孥, 뢠 뢠 5.  㦤   ࠭,  -  㥬 ॣ,          ᥫ, 㪠뢠 ࠭. ࠭   ࠧ஬ "word"  "dword".

    bound ax,[bx]    ;  ᫮  ࠭
    bound eax,[esi]  ;   ᫮  ࠭


2.1.7  樨 -뢮

"in" ॢ , ᫮   ᫮     AL, AX  EAX.  -뢮   ᮢ  , ।⢥   ⮢ 祭,  אַ १ ॣ DX. ࠭-⮬   ॣ AL, AX  EAX. ࠭-筨   ᫮  0  255  ॣ DX.

    in al,20h        ;     20
    in ax,dx         ;  ᫮  , ᮢ ॣ஬ DX

    "out" ॢ , ᫮   ᫮   뢮  AL, AX  EAX. ணࠬ   ।  , ᯮ   ⮤,    樨 "in".  ࠭-⮬   ॣ AL, AX  EAX. ࠭-筨   ᫮  0  255  ॣ DX.

    out 20h,ax       ; 뢮    20
    out dx,al        ; 뢮 ᫮  , ᮢ ॣ஬ DX


2.1.8  ப 樨

ப 樨 ࠡ   ⮬ ப. ⨬ ⮬   , ᫮   ᫮. ப   ॣࠬ SI  DI ( ESI  EDI). ᫥  ப 樨 SI / DI ( ESI / EDI) ⮬᪨   㪠⥫  ᫥騩  ப. ᫨ DF (䫠 ࠢ) ࠢ , ॣ  㢥稢, ᫨ DF ࠢ ,  㬥. ᫮,  ஥  㢥稢  㬥 ࠢ 1, 2  4  ᨬ  ࠧ  ப.   ப 樨     ࠭, ᯮ SI / DI ᫨ ⨯  16-,  ESI / EDI ᫨ ⨯  32-. SI  ESI  㬮砭    ᥣ, ᮢ ॣ஬ DS, DI  EDI ᥣ    ᥣ, ࠭  ES. ⪠ ଠ ࠧ    ப 樨 㪢, ।饩 ࠧ  ப,    "b",  ᫮  "w",   ᫮  "d".  ଠ 樨 ॡ ࠭, 㪠뢠騥 ࠧ ,   , 묨   SI  ESI   ᥣ 䨪ᮬ,  DI  EDI ᥣ  ᥣ 䨪ᮬ ES.
    "movs" ॢ ப ,   㪠뢠 SI ( ESI)  ,  ஥ 㪠뢠 DI ( EDI).  ࠭   ⮬, ᫮   ᫮. ࠭-⮬   , ᮢ DI  EDI, ࠭-筨   , ᮢ SI  ESI   ᥣ 䨪ᮬ.

    movs byte [di],[si]        ; ॢ 
    movs word [es:di],[ss:si]  ; ॢ ᫮
    movsd                      ; ॢ  ᫮

    "cmps" ⠥ ப -  ப -筨   䫠 AF, SF, PF, CF  OF,      ࠢ ⮢. ᫨ ஢  , ⠭ ZF,   頥.  ࠭ ⮩ 樨   ப , ᮢ SI  ESI   ᥣ 䨪ᮬ,  ࠭   ப , ᮢ DI  EDI.

    cmpsb                      ; ࠢ ⮢
    cmps word [ds:si],[es:di]  ; ࠢ ᫮
    cmps dword [fs:esi],[edi]  ; ࠢ  ᫮

    "scas" ⠥ ப -  AL, AX  EAX ( ᨬ  ࠧ ⮣ )   䫠 AF, SF, ZF, PF, CF  OF. ᫨ 祭 , ⠭ ZF,   頥. ࠭   ப , ᮢ DI  EDI.

    scas byte [es:di]          ; ᪠ 
    scasw                      ; ᪠ ᫮
    scas dword [es:edi]        ; ᪠  ᫮

    "stos" 頥 祭 AL, AX  EAX  ப -. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "scas".
    "lods" ப   AL, AX  EAX. ࠭   ப , ᮢ SI  ESI   䨪ᮬ ᥣ.

    lods byte [ds:si]          ; 㦠 
    lods word [cs:si]          ; 㦠 ᫮
    lodsd                      ; 㦠  ᫮

    "ins" ॢ , ᫮   ᫮  , ᮢ ॣ஬ DX  ப -ਥ. ࠭-⮬   , ᮢ DI  EDI, ࠭-筨   ॣ DX.

    insb                       ;  
    ins word [es:di],dx        ;  ᫮
    ins dword [edi],dx         ;   ᫮

    "outs" ॢ ப -筨   뢮, ᮢ ॣ஬ DX. ࠭-⮬   ॣ DX,  ࠭-筨   , ᮢ SI  ESI   䨪ᮬ ᥣ.

    outs dx,byte [si]          ; 뢮 
    outsw                      ; 뢮 ᫮
    outs dx,dword [gs:esi]     ; 뢮  ᫮

    䨪 ७ "rep", "repe"/"repz"  "repne"/"repnz" ।  ப . ᫨  ப 樨  䨪 ७,  믮 ୮,  ࠧ ᯮ 㣮  ப. ७ ४,  㤥 믮   ᫮, 㪠 䨪ᮬ.   䨪 ⮬᪨ 㬥 ॣ CX  ECX ( ᨬ  ⮣,   ᯮ  ப 樨, 16-  32-) ᫥  樨   樨஢ ,  CX  ECX  ⠭ ࠢ . "repe"/"repz"  "repne"/"repnz" ᯮ ⮫쪮  ﬨ "scas"  "cmps" (ᠭ묨 ).  ᯮ  䨪, ७ ᫥饩 樨  ⠪  䫠  (ZF), "repe"  "repz" ४ 믮, ᫨ ZF ࠢ , "repne"  "repnz" ४ 믮, ᫨ ZF ࠢ .

    rep  movsd       ; ॢ ᪮쪮  ᫮
    repe cmpsb       ; ࠢ ,  


2.1.9  樨 ࠢ 䫠

樨 ࠢ 䫠 ᯥ稢 ⮤ אַ  ﭨ ⮢  䫠 ॣ.  樨, ᠭ  ⮬ ࠧ,   ࠭.
    "stc" ⠭ CF (䫠 ७)  1, "clc"  CF, "cmc"   CF   .
    "std" ⠭ DF (䫠 ࠢ)  1, "cld"  DF.
    "sti" ⠭ IF (䫠 ࠧ襭 뢠)  1  ⠪ ࠧ ࠧ蠥 뢠, "cli"  IF  ⠪ ࠧ 頥 뢠.
    "lahf"  SF, ZF, AF, PF  CF   7, 6, 4, 2  0 ॣ AH. ঠ ⠫ ⮢ ।.   묨.
    "sahf" ॢ  7, 6, 4, 2  0  ॣ AH  SF, ZF, AF, PF  CF.
    "pushf" 㬥蠥 ESP       ࠭  ᫮   ᫮ 䫠 ॣ  設 ⥪.  ࠭ ଠ樨   ⥪饩 ன . ਠ "pushfw" ࠭ ᫮, ᨬ  ன , "pushfd" ⠪ ᨬ  ன  ࠭  ᫮.
    "popf" ॢ ।   ᫮   ᫮  設 ⥪  㢥稢 ESP     ,  ᨬ  ⥪饩 ன . ਠ "popfw" ࠭ ᫮, ᨬ  ன , "popfd" ⠪ ᨬ  ன  ࠭  ᫮.


2.1.10  ᫮ 樨

樨, ࠧ    ᫮  (ᬮ ⠡ 2.1)   "set" ᢠ  , ᫨ ᫮ ⨭,  , ᫨ ᫨ ᫮  믮. ࠭   8- ॣ 饣 祭    .

    setne al         ;   al, ᫨ 䫠  ⮩
    seto byte [bx]   ;   , ᫨  ९

    "calc" ᢠ ᥬ ⠬ ॣ AL , ᫨ ⮨ 䫠 ७,  㫨  㣮 砥.  ⮩ 樨  㬥⮢.
    樨, ࠧ  ᫮   "cmov" ॢ ᫮   ᫮  ॣ 饣 祭    ॣ 饣 祭 ⮫쪮 ᫨ ᫮ ୮. ࠭-⮬   ॣ 饣 祭, ࠭-筨 - ॣ 饣 祭  .

    cmove ax,bx      ; ॢ, ᫨ ⠭ 䫠 
    cmovnc eax,[ebx] ; ॢ, ᫨ 饭 䫠 ७

    "cmpxchg" ࠢ 祭  ॣ AL, AX  EAX  ࠭-⮬. ᫨ 祭 ࠢ, ࠭-筨 㦠  ࠭-,  ࠭- 㦠  ॣ AL, AX  EAX. ࠭-⮬   ॣ 饣 祭  , ࠭-筨 - ॣ 饣 祭.

    cmpxchg dl,bl    ; ࠢ    ॣ஬
    cmpxchg [bx],dx  ; ࠢ    

    "cmpxchg8b" ࠢ  ࠭ 64-⭮ 祭  ॣ EDX  EAX. ᫨ 祭 ࠭, 64-⭮ 祭  ॣ EDX  EAX ࠭  ࠭,  祭  ࠭ 㦠   ॣ. ࠭   ⢥୮ ᫮  .

    cmpxchg8b [bx]   ; ࠢ   8 ⮢


2.1.11   樨

"nop"   ,  祣  , ஬  㪠⥫ 樨.    ࠭   祣  ᮢ蠥.
    "ud2"  ⨬ .   ᮧ  ஢ ࠬ ᯥ祭, ⮡ ᫥ ஢ ⨬ .  樨  ࠭.
    "xlat"    ॣ AL ⮬, ஢  祭  ⠡ ॢ, ᮢ BX  EBX. ࠭    , ᮢ ॣ஬ BX  EBX   ᥣ 䨪ᮬ.   ⠪    "xlatb",   ᯮ ࠭  ᯮ   BX  EBX ( ᨬ  ன )  ᥣ, ᮢ DS.
    "lds" ॢ ६ 㪠⥫  ࠭-筨  DS  ॣ-. ࠭-筨   ,  ࠭-⮬ - ॣ 饣 祭.  DS 砥 ᥫ ᥣ 㪠⥫,  ॣ- 砥  ᬥ饭. "les", "lfs" "lgs"  "lss" ࠡ 筮 ⠪ ,  "lds", ⮫쪮  ॣ DS ᯮ ᮮ⢥⢥ ES, FS, GS  SS.

    lds bx,[si]      ; 㦠 㪠⥫  ds:bx

    "lea" ॢ ᬥ饭 ࠭-筨 (  祭)  ࠭-. ࠭-筨   ,  ࠭-⮬   ॣ 饣 祭.

    lea dx,[bx+si+1] ; 㦠 ᯮ⥫   dx

    "cpuid" 頥 䨪   ଠ   ᢮⢠  ॣ EAX, EBX, ECX  EDX. 뤠 ଠ 롨ࠥ  㦭 祭  ॣ EAX । ⥬,  믮 .  ⮩ 樨  ࠭.
    "pause" ন 믮 ᫥饩 樨, ॠ थ ⢮ ६.     ᯮ짮, ⮡  믮 横 .  樨  ࠭.
    "enter" ᮧ ⥪ ३,    ᯮ짮  ॠ樨 ᢮ ࠢ  몮 ᮪ ஢.  "leave"   楤  "enter"  砫 楤, ⮡  ࠢ ⥪  ஫஢   ६   楤.  "enter"   ࠬ.  ࠬ । ⢮  ᪮ , ஥   ⢥   ணࠬ. ன ࠬ ᮮ⢥ ᪮ ஢  ணࠬ,  室    0  31.  ᪨ ஢ ⠭, ᪮쪮 ஢ 㪠⥫ ⥪ ३ CPU    ⥪ ३  ।饣 ३.  ᯨ᮪ 㪠⥫ ⥪ ३  뢠 ᯫ. ࢮ ᫮ (  ᫮, ᫨  32-) ᯫ -  㪠⥫  ᫥ ⥪ ३.  㪠⥫    樨 "leave" ᮢ  ⭮ 浪 ⢨ ।饩 樨 "enter", 䥪⨢ 뢠 ᫥ ⥪ ३. ᫥ ⮣,  "enter" ᮧ  ᯫ  楤,  뤥     ᪮ , 㬥 ESP  ⢮ ⮢, ।  ࢮ ࠬ. ⮡ 楤  ᮢ ᢮ ᯫ, "enter" । 㪠⥫ BP ( EBP)  砫  ⥪ ३. ᫨ ᪨ ஢ ࠢ , "enter" ࠭ BP ( EBP),  SP  BP ( ESP  EBP)   ⠥  ࠭  SP ( ESP).  ஢     ࠭ ⥫ 㪠⥫ ३  ⥪ ।  㪠⥫ ⥪.

    enter 2048,0     ;   뤥 2048 ⮢  ⥪


2.1.12  ⥬ 樨

"lmsw" 㦠 ࠭  ᫮ 設  (  0  15 ॣ CR0), ⮣  "smsw" ࠭ ᫮ 設   ࠭-. ࠭   16-  32- ॣ 饣 祭  ᫮  .

    lmsw ax          ; 㦠 設   ॣ
    smsw [bx]        ; ࠭ 設   

    "lgdt"  "lidt" 㦠 祭  ࠭  ॣ ⠡  ਯ஢   ॣ ⠡ ਯ஢ 뢠 ᮮ⢥⢥. "sgdt"  "sidt" ࠭ ᮤন ॣ ⠡  ਯ஢  ॣ ⠡ ਯ஢ 뢠  ࠭-. ࠭   6 ⮢  .

    lgdt [ebx]       ; 㦠 ⠡  ਯ஢

    "lldt" 㦠 ࠭   ᥫ ᥣ ॣ ⠡  ਯ஢,  "sldt" ࠭ ᥫ ᥣ  ॣ ⠡  ਯ஢  ࠭. "ltr" 㦠 ࠭   ᥫ ᥣ ॣ ,  "str" ࠭ ᥫ ᥣ  ॣ   ࠭. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,    "lmsw"  "smsw".
    "lar" 㦠 ࠢ 㯠  ᥣ⭮ ਯ, 㪠 ᥫ஬  ࠭-筨,  ࠭-  ⠢ 䫠 ZF. ࠭-⮬   16-  32- ॣ 饣 祭. ࠭-筨   16- ॣ 饣 祭  .

    lar ax,[bx]      ; 㦠 ࠢ 㯠  ᫮
    lar eax,dx       ; 㦠 ࠢ 㯠   ᫮

    "lsl" 㦠 ᥣ ।  ᥣ⭮ ਯ, 㪠 ᥫ஬  ࠭-筨,  ࠭-  ⠢ 䫠 ZF. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樨 "lsl".
    "verr"  "verw" ஢,   ⥭     ஢ ਢ ᥣ   ,   ࠭. ࠭   ᫮,    ॣ 饣 祭  . ᫨ ᥣ 㯥  ⠥ ( "verr")  塞, ⠭ 䫠 ZF,   頥. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樨 "lldt".
    "arpl" ࠢ  RPL (஢ ਢ 訢饣)  ᥫ஢ ᥣ⮢.  ࠭ ᮤন  ᥫ ᥣ, ன ᮤন 㣮. ᫨  RPL ࠭- , 祬  RPL ࠭-筨,  ⠭ 䫠 ZF,   RPL ࠭- 㢥稢  ᮮ⢥⢨ ࠭-筨.  䫠 ZF 頥   ࠭    ந. ࠭-⮬   ॣ 饣 祭     ᫮, ࠭-筨   ॣ 饣 祭 ⮦   ᫮.

    arpl bx,ax       ;  RPL ᥫ  ॣ
    arpl [bx],ax     ;  RPL ᥫ  

    "clts" 頥 䫠 TS (४祭 )  ॣ CR0.  ⮩ 樨  ࠭.
    䨪 "lock" ⠢   ᨣ "bus-lock" ( LOCK#)  ६ 믮 ᮯ饩 樨.  ୮ । ᨣ "bus-lock" ࠭,    ,  ᪫ ᯮ   . 䨪 "lock"   ᮥ ⮫쪮  ᫥騬   祬 ⮫쪮  ⥬  ଠ,   ࠭-⮬  : "add", "adc", "and", "btc", "btr", "bts", "cmpxchg", "cmpxchg8b", "dec", "inc", "neg", "not", "or", "sbb", "sub", "xor", "xadd"  "xchg". ᫨  䨪 ᯮ     権,  ࠭-筨  ,   ᣥ஢  । 訡 .    ᣥ஢ ⠪, ᫨ 䨪 "lock" ᯮ  樥,  ᫥ .  "xchg" ᥣ  ᨣ "bus-lock", ᨬ  ⢨  ⢨ २ "lock".
    "hlt" ४頥 믮 樨  ॢ   ﭨ ⠭. 饭 뢠, ⫠筮 ᪫祭, BINIT, INIT  RESET த 믮.  ⮩ 樨  ࠭.
    "rdmsr" 㦠 ᮤন 64-⭮ MSR (쭮-ᯥ᪨ ॣ)  , ।  ECX,  EDX  EAX. "wrmsr" 㦠 ᮤন ॣ஢ EDX  EAX  64- MSR  , ।  ECX. "rdtsc" 㦠 ⥪饥 祭 稪 ६   64-⭮ MSR  ॣ EDX  EAX.  㢥稢 祭 稪 ६ MSR  横 ⠪⮢   뢠  0,   १㦠. "rdpmc" 㦠 ᮤন 40-⭮ 稪 ᮡ⨩ ந⥫쭮,   ECX,  EDX  EAX.  樨   ࠭.
    "wbinvd" ᮢ蠥   ஢ ப ७    ᭮   㫨 (頥) ७ .   ᪠ ᯥ樠 横 設,  ।砥 譨 蠬 ⠪ ᮢ   ஢   㣮 横 設,  㪠뢠,  譨   㫨஢.     ࠭.
    "rsm" 頥 ணࠬ ࠢ   ⥬ ० ࠢ ணࠬ,  뫠 ࢠ,   稫 뢠 SMM.     ࠭.
    "sysenter" 믮  맮 ⥬ 맮 楤 ஢ 0, "sysexit" 믮     짮⥫ ஢ 3. , ᯮ짮 ⨬ ﬨ, ࠭  MSR-.  樨   ࠭.


2.1.13  樨 FPU

    樨 FPU ( 権  饩 窮)   祭ﬨ  饩 窮   ଠ: ୠ 筮 (32-⭠),  筮 (64-⭠)  ७ 筮 (80-⭠).  FPU ନ ⥪     頥 祭  饩 窮 ७ 筮. ᫨  祭   ⥪  ᪨  設, ॣ FPU ᤢ, ⠪ ࠧ ST0 -  ᥣ 祭  設 ⥪ FPU, ST1 -  ࢮ 祭  設  . ..  ST0  ⠪ ᨭ ST.
    "fld"  祭  饩 窮 ⥪ ॣ஢ FPU. ࠭   32-⭮, 64-⭮  80-⭮ ᯮ    ॣ FPU,  祭 㦠  設 ⥪ ॣ஢ FPU (ॣ ST0)  ⮬᪨   ଠ ७ 筮.

    fld dword [bx]   ; 㦠 祭 ୮ 筮  
    fld st2          ; 㦠 祭 st2  設 ⥪

    "fld1", "fldz", "fldl2t", "fldl2e", "fldpi", "fldlg2"  "fldln2" 㦠  㥬 ⠭  ⥪ ॣ஢ FPU.  ⠭ +1.0, +0.0, lb 10, lb e, pi, lg 2  ln 2 ᮮ⢥⢥.   樨   ࠭.
    "fild"   楫᫥ ࠭-筨  ७ ଠ  饩 窮   १   ॣ஢ FPU. ࠭-筨   16-⭮, 32-⭮  64-⭮ ᯮ  .

    fild qword [bx]  ; 㦠 64-⭮ 楫 ᫮  

"fst"  祭  ॣ ST0  ࠭-,    32-⭮  64-⭮ ᯮ    㣮 ॣ FPU. "fstp" ᮢ蠥   ,   뤢 ⥪ ॣ஢, ᢮ ST0. "fstp" ন   ࠭,   "fst"    ࠭ 80-⭮ 祭  .

    fst st3          ;  祭 ST0  ॣ ST3
    fstp tword [bx]  ; ࠭ 祭    뤢 

    "fist"  祭  ST0   楫 ᫮  ࠭ १  ࠭-. ࠭   32-⭮  64-⭮ ᯮ  . "fistp" ᮢ蠥   ,   뤢 ⥪ ॣ஢.  ন   ࠭,   "fist"    ࠭ 64-⭮ 楫᫥ 祭  , ⠪ ࠧ,   ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "fild".
    "fbld"  ᦠ⮥ 楫 ᫮ BCD    ७ ଠ  饩 窮    祭  ⥪ FPU. "fbstp"  祭  ST0  18- ᦠ⮥ ᫮ BCD, ࠭ १  ࠭-  뤢  ॣ஢. ࠭   80-⭮ ᯮ  .
    "fadd" ᪫뢠 ࠭-筨  ࠭-  ࠭ 㬬  . ࠭-⮬ ᥣ   ॣ FPU, ᫨ 筨 -  ᯮ  ,    ॣ ST0  㦭 㪠 ⮫쪮 筨. ᫨  ࠭  ॣ FPU,       ST0. ࠭     32-⭮  64-⭮ 祭.

    fadd qword [bx]  ; ਡ 祭  筮  ST0
    fadd st2,st0     ; ਡ ST0  ST2

    "faddp" ᪫뢠 ࠭-筨  ࠭-, ࠭ 㬬     뤢  ॣ஢. ࠭-⮬   ॣ FPU,  ࠭-筨 - ST0. ᫨ ࠭  㪠,   ⢥ ࠭- ᯮ ST1.

    faddp            ; ਡ st0  st1  뤢 
    faddp st2,st0    ; ਡ st0  st2  뤢 

    "fiadd"  楫᫥ ࠭-筨  ७  ଠ  饩 窮  ਡ  ࠭e-. ࠭   32-⭮  64-⭮ ᯮ  .

    fiadd word [bx]  ; ਡ 楫᫥ ᫮  st0

    "fsub", "fsubr", "fmul", "fdiv"  "fdivr" 宦  "fadd",  ⠪  ࠢ  ࠭  ࠧ ⮫쪮  ᮢ蠥 ᫥. "fsub" ⠥ ࠭-筨  ࠭-, "fsubr" ⠥ ࠭-  ࠭-筨, "fmul" ६ 筨  , "fdiv"  ࠭-  ࠭-筨, "fdivr"  ࠭-筨  ࠭-. "fsubp", "fsubrp", "fmulp" "fdivrp"  "fdivrp" ᮢ   樨  뤢 ⥪ ॣ஢, ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   樥 "faddp". "fisub", "fisubr", "fimul" "fidivr"  "fidivr" ᮢ   樨 ᫥ 樨 楫᫥ ࠭-筨  ଠ  饩 窮,   ⠪  ࠢ  ࠭,    "fiadd".
    "fsqrt"   ७  祭  ॣ ST0, "fsin"  ᨭ ⮣ 祭, "fcos"   ᨭ, "fchs"    , "fabs" 頥 , ⮡ ᮧ ᮫⭮ 祭, "frndint" 㣫  襣 楫 祭, 饣  ⥪饣 ० 㣫. "f2xm1"  ᯮ樠쭮 祭 2  ⥯ ST0  ⠥  १ 1.0 (2^x-1), 祭  ST0    ।  -1.0  +1.0.  襯᫥ 樨 ࠭ 祭  ST0    ࠭.
    "fsincos"  ᨭ  ᨭ 祭  ST0, ࠭ ᨭ  ST0   ᨭ  設 ⥪ ॣ஢ FPU. "fptan"  ⠭ 祭  ST0, ࠭ १  ST0   1.0  設 ⥪ ॣ஢ FPU. "fpatan"  ⠭ 祭  ST1,   祭  ST0, ࠭ १  ST1  뤢 ⥪ ॣ஢ FPU. "fyl2x"    ST0, 㬭   ST1, ࠭ १  ST1  뤢 ⥪ ॣ஢ FPU; "fyl2xp1" ᮢ蠥   , । ᫥ 䬠 蠥  ST0 祭 1.0. "fprem"  ⮪, 騩   祭  ST0  祭  ST1,  ࠭ १  ST0. "fprem1" ᮢ蠥   ,   "fprem",   ⮪ ᯮᮡ, 㪠  ⠭ IEEE 754. "fscale" ⠢ 楫  祭  ST1  㢥稢 ᯮ ST0  祭 ᫮. "fxtract" ࠧ 祭  ST0  ᯮ  , ࠭ ᯮ  ST0     ⥪ ॣ஢. "fnop"   祣.  樨   ࠭.
    "fxch"  ⠬ ᮤন ॣ ST0  㣮 ॣ FPU. ࠭  㦨 ॣ FPU,  ᫨   㪠,  ⠬ ॣ ST0  ST1.
     "fcom"  "fcomp" ࠢ ᮤন ST0  ࠭-筨   ᨬ  १⮢ ⠢ 䫠  FPU. "fcomp" ⥫쭮 ᫥ ࠢ 뤢 ⥪ ॣ஢. ࠭  㦨 祭 ୮   筮    ॣ FPU. ᫨ ࠭  ।,  ⮩ ஫ ᯮ ST1.

    fcom             ; ࠢ st0  st1
    fcomp st2        ; ࠢ st0  st2  뤢 ⥪

    "fcompp" ࠢ ᮤন ST0  ST1, ⠭ 䫠 ᫮  FPU   뤢 ⥪ ॣ஢.  ⮩ 樨  ࠭.
    "fucom", "fucomp"  "fucompp" ᮢ 㯮冷祭 ࠢ  ॣ஢ FPU. ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ ,   ﬨ "fcom", "fcomp"  "fcompp",  ࠭-筨   ॣ FPU.
    "ficom"  "ficomp" ࠢ 祭  ST0  楫᫥ ࠭-筨  ⠭ 䫠  ᫮  FPU  ᨬ  १⮢.  "ficomp" ⥫쭮 ᫥ ࠢ 뤢 ⥪ ॣ஢. । 樥 ࠢ 楫᫥ ࠭-筨   ७  ଠ  饩 窮. ࠭  㦨 16-⭮  32-⭮ ᯮ  .

    ficom word [bx]  ; ࠢ st0  16- 楫 ᫮

    "fcomi", "fcomip", "fucomi", "fucomip" ࠢ ST0  㣨 ॣ஬ FPU  ⠢,  ᨬ  १⮢, 䫠 ZF, PF  CF. "fcomip"  "fucomip"  뤢 ⥪ ॣ஢ ᫥ 襭 ࠢ. 樨, ࠧ  ᫮  FPU (ᬮ ⠡ 2.2)   "fcmov", ॢ 㪠 ॣ FPU  ॣ ST0, ᫨  ᫮ 믮.  樨 ন  ࠧ ᨭ⠪,    ࠭, ।騬 ॣ FPU, ன   ࠭,  ࠭- - ॣ ST0,  ࠭-筨, 騩 , - 㦭 ॣ FPU.

    fcomi st2        ; ࠢ st0  st2  ⠭ 䫠
    fcmovb st0,st2   ; ॢ st2  st0 ᫨ 

    2.2  ᫮ FPU
  Ŀ
     㥬 ᫮  ᠭ               
  ͵
   b         CF = 1                                
   e         ZF = 1               ࠢ                  
   be        CF or ZF = 1           ࠢ       
   u         PF = 1                      
   nb        CF = 0                              
   ne        ZF = 0                ࠢ               
   nbe       CF and ZF = 0            ࠢ   
   nu        PF = 0               ଠ        
  

    "ftst" ࠢ 祭  ST0  0.0   ᨬ  १⮢ ⠭ 䫠  ᫮  FPU. "fxam" ஢ ᮤন ॣ ST0  ⠭ 䫠  ᫮  FPU, 뢠  祭  ॣ.  樨   ࠭.
    "fstsw"  "fnstsw" ࠭ ⥪饥 祭 ᫮  FPU  㪠 . ࠭-⮬    16   ,  ॣ AX. "fstsw" । ࠭ ᫮ ஢  襭 ᪨㥬 ᫥ ᪫祭, "fnstsw" ⮣  .
    "fstcw"  "fnstcw" ࠭ ⥪饥 祭 ࠢ饣 ᫮ FPU  㪠   . "fstcw" । ࠭ ᫮ ஢  襭 ᪨㥬 ᫥ ᪫祭, "fnstcw" ⮣  . "fldcw" 㦠 ࠭  ࠢ饥 ᫮ FPU. ࠭   16-⭮ ᯮ  .
    "fstenv"  "fnstenv" ࠭ ⥪騩 ⥪ FPU  ᯮ  , 㪠  ࠭-,   ᪨  ᪫祭  権  饩  窮. "fstenv" । ᮢ襭 樨 ஢  襭 ᪨㥬 ᫥ ᪫祭, "fnstenv" ⮣  . "fldenv" 㦠  ⥪ FPU    FPU. "fsave"  "fnsave" ࠭ ⥪騩  FPU (⥪  ॣ ⥪)  㪠     ⥬ -樠 FPU. "fsave" । ᮢ襭 樨 ஢  襭 ᪨㥬 ᫥ ᪫祭, "fnsave" ⮣  . "frstor" 㦠  FPU  㪠   .   樨  ⢥ ࠭ ॡ ஠ᯮ  .
    "finit"  "fninit" ⠭ ⥪ FPU   祭  㬮砭. "finit" । ᮢ襭 樨 ஢  襭 ᪨㥬 ᫥ ᪫祭, "fninit" ⮣  . "fclex" and "fnclex"  䫠 ᪫祭 FPU  ᫮  FPU."fclex" । ᮢ襭 樨 ஢  襭 ᪨㥬 ᫥ ᪫祭, "fnclex" ⮣  . "wait"  "fwait" -  ᨭ   ⮩  樨,  㪠뢠  ஢ 稥 襭 ᪨㥬 ᫥ ᪫祭  ࠧ    த ࠡ.  樨   ࠭.
    "ffree" 砥 , ᮮ樨஢  㪠 ॣ஬ FPU,  ⮩. ࠭  㦨 ॣ FPU.
    "fincstp"  "fdecstp"  ⥪ FPU  , ਡ  ⭨    TOP ᫮  FPU.   権  ࠭.


2.1.14  樨 MMX

樨 MMX   ᦠ묨 楫᫥묨 ⨯  ᯮ ॣ MMX, 묨   64-  80- ॣ஢ FPU. ⮬ 樨 MMX   ᯮ짮      ६  ﬨ FPU.   ஢  ᦠ묨 ⠬ (ᥬ 8- 楫 ᥫ), ᦠ묨 ᫮ ( 16- 楫 ᥫ)  ᦠ묨 묨 ᫮ ( 32- 楫 ᫠). ᯮ짮 ᦠ ଠ⮢  ᮢ 樨 ६   묨.
    "movq"  ⢥୮ ᫮  ࠭-筨  ࠭-.  ࠩ    ࠭   ॣ MMX,     ॣ  MMX,  64-⭮ ᯮ  .

    movq mm0,mm1     ;  ⢥୮ ᫮  ॣ  ॣ
    movq mm2,[ebx]   ;  ⢥୮ ᫮    ॣ

    "movd"   ᫮  ࠭-筨  ࠭-.   ࠭   ॣ MMX,    ॣ 饣 祭  32-⭮ ᯮ  . ᯮ ⮫쪮   ᫮ ॣ MMX.
     ᭮ 樨 MMX   ࠭,  ࠭-⮬   ॣ MMX,  ࠭-筨    ॣ MMX,  64-⭮ ᯮ  .  ᮢ蠥  ᮮ⢥   筨    ࠭   . "paddb", "paddw"  "paddd" ᮢ ᫮ ᦠ ⮢, ᦠ ᫮  ᦠ  ᫮. "psubb", "psubw"  "psubd" ᮢ ⠭ ᮮ⢥ ⨯. "paddsb","paddsw", "psubsb"  "psubsw" ᮢ ᫮  ⠭ ᦠ ⮢  ᦠ ᫮   饭. "paddusb", "paddusw", "psubusb", "psubusw" -  ,    饭. "pmulhw"  "pmullw" ᮢ  㬭 ᦠ ᫮  ࠭ 孨   ᫮ १⮢  ࠭-. "pmaddwd" ᮢ蠥 㬭 ᦠ ᫮  ᪫뢠  ஬ த    ᫮  , ⮡  १   ᦠ  ᫮. "pand", "por"  "pxor" ᮢ ᪨ 樨  ⢥묨 ᫮, "pandn" ⠪ ந ᪮ 栭 । 樥 "and". "pcmpeqb", "pcmpeqw"  "pcmpeqd" ࠢ  ⭮ ᦠ , ᦠ ᫮  ᦠ  ᫮. ᫨  ⮢  ⭠,  ᮮ⢥騩   ࠭- 뢠 묨 ⠬,  㫥묨. "pcmpgtb", "pcmpgtw"  "pcmpgtd" ᮢ 宦 ,   ஢,      ࠭-, 祬 ᮮ⢥騥    ࠭-筨. "packsswb"  ᦠ  ᫮  ᦠ  , "packssdw"  ᦠ   ᫮  ᦠ  ᫮, ᯮ 饭, ⮡ 㤮⢮ ᫮ ९. "packuswb"  ᦠ  ᫮  ᦠ  . ஢    ࠭-筨 ࠭    ࠭-, ⮣  ᪮஢   ࠭- ࠭   孥 . "punpckhbw", "punpckhwd"  "punpckhdq" ।    孨 ⥩ 筨    ࠭ १  ࠭-. "punpcklbw", "punpcklwd"  "punpckldq" ᮢ   樨,    ﬨ ࠭.

    paddsb mm0,[esi] ; ᪫뢠 ᦠ    饭
    pcmpeqw mm3,mm7  ; ஢ ᦠ ᫮  ⭮

    "psllw", "pslld"  "psllq" ᮢ ᪨ ᤢ  ᦠ ᫮, ᦠ  ᫮   ⢥ ᫮  ࠭-,  ᫮ ⮢, 㪠  ࠭-筨.  "psrlw", "psrld"  "psrlq" ᮢ ᪨ ᤢ ࠢ ᦠ ᫮, ᦠ  ᫮   ⢥ ᫮.  "psraw"  "psrad" ᮢ 䬥᪨ ᤢ ᦠ ᫮   ᫮. ࠭-⮬   ॣ MMX,  ࠭-筨   ॣ MMX, 64-⭮ ᯮ    8-⭮ ।⢥ 祭.

    psllw mm2,mm4    ; ᤢ ᫮  ᪨
    psrad mm4,[ebx]  ; ᤢ  ᫮ ࠢ 䬥᪨

    "emms"  ॣ FPU ᯮ㥬묨  権 FPU.     ਬ । ᯮ짮 権 FPU, ᫨  室 ᪠ 樨 MMX.


2.1.15  樨 SSE

७ SSE   権 MMX,  ⠪ ।⠢ 樨  ᦠ묨 祭ﬨ ୮ 筮  饩 窮. 128- ᦠ ଠ ୮ 筮 ᮤন  祭 ୮ 筮  饩 窮. 128- ॣ SSE ᮧ  প 権 ⮣ ⨯ .
    "movaps"  "movups" ॢ ࠭ ࠧ஬   ⢥୮ ᫮, ᮤঠ騩 祭 ୮ 筮  ࠭-筨  ࠭-.  ࠩ    ࠭   ॣ SSE,     ⮦ ॣ SSE,  128-⭮ ᯮ  .  ࠭    "movaps"   ஢  16-⭮ ,  "movups" ⮣  ॡ.

    movups xmm0,[ebx]  ; ॢ ஢  ⢥୮ ᫮

    "movlps" ॢ  ᦠ 祭 ୮ 筮   ⢥୮ ᫮ ॣ-筨  孥 ⢥୮ ᫮ ॣ-. "movhlps" ॢ  ᦠ 祭 ୮ 筮  孥 ⢥୮ ᫮ ॣ-筨   ⢥୮ ᫮ ॣ-.  ࠭   ॣ SSE.
    "movmskps" ॢ    祭 ୮ 筮  ॣ SSE     ॣ 饣 祭. ࠭-筨   ॣ SSE, ࠭-⮬   ॣ 饣 祭.
    "movss" ॢ 祭 ୮ 筮  筨  ⮬ (ॢ ⮫쪮   ᫮).  ࠩ    ࠭   ॣ SSE,     ⮦ ॣ SSE,  32-⭮ ᯮ  .

    movss [edi],xmm3   ; ॢ   ᫮  xmm3  

     䬥᪠  SSE   ਠ. ᫨  稢  "ps", ࠭-筨   128-⭮ ᯮ    ॣ SSE, ࠭-⮬   ॣ SSE,   ந  ६ ᦠ묨 祭ﬨ ୮ 筮,    ᮮ⢥ ⮢  ⤥쭮,  १ ࠭  ॣ-.  ᫨  稢  "ss",  ࠭-筨   32-⭮ ᯮ    ॣ SSE, ࠭-⮬   ॣ SSE,   ந   祭 ୮ 筮, ᯮ ⮫쪮   ᫮ ॣ஢ SSE,   १ ࠭    ᫮ ॣ-. "addps"  "addss" ᪫뢠 祭, "subps"  "subss"  筨  , "mulps"  "mulss" ६ 祭, "divps"  "divss"    筨, "rcpps"  "rcpss"  பᨬ஢  稭 筨, "sqrtps"  "sqrtss"   ७ 筨, "rsqrtps"  "rsqrtss"  பᨬ஢  稭 ⭮  筨, "maxps"  "maxss" ࠢ 筨     襥 祭, "minps"  "minss" ࠢ 筨     襥 祭.

    mulss xmm0,[ebx]   ; ६ 祭 ୮ 筮
    addps xmm3,xmm7    ; ᪫뢠 ᦠ 祭 ୮ 筮

    "andps", "andnps", "orps"  "xorps" ந ᪨ 樨  ᦠ묨 祭ﬨ ୮ 筮. ࠭-筨   128-⭮ ᯮ    ॣ SSE, ࠭-⮬   ॣ SSE.
    "cmpps" ࠢ ᦠ 祭 ୮ 筮   ᪨㥬 १  ࠭-,    ॣ SSE. ࠭-筨    ॣ SSE,  128-⭮ ᯮ  , 쨬 ࠭   ।⢥ 祭, 롨饥    쬨 ᫮ ࠢ (⠡ 2.3). "cmpss" ᮢ蠥    祭ﬨ ୮ 筮,  ⮫쪮   ᫮ ॣ-, ⠪ ࠧ ࠭-筨    ॣ SSE,  32-⭮ ᯮ  .   樨  ⠪ ਠ   ࠭  ᫮, ஢  .   ࠧ ⥬    ⠡ 2.3  "cmp"  ᫥      "ps"  "ss".

    cmpps xmm2,xmm4,0  ; ࠢ ᦠ 祭 ୮ 筮
    cmpltss xmm0,[ebx] ; ࠢ 祭 ୮ 筮

   Table 2.3  ᫮ SSE
  Ŀ
        ᠭ                
  ͵
   0     eq        ࠢ                   
   1     lt                          
   2     le          ࠢ        
   3     unord     ଠ       
   4     neq        ࠢ                
   5     nlt                       
   6     nle           ࠢ    
   7     ord       ଠ         
  

    "comiss"  "ucomiss" ࠢ 祭 ୮ 筮  ⠢  ᨬ  १ 䫠 ZF, PF  CF. ࠭-⮬   ॣ SSE, ࠭-筨   32-⭮ ᯮ    ॣ SSE.
    "shufps" ॢ     祭 ୮ 筮  ࠭-   ⢥୮ ᫮ ࠭-      祭 ୮ 筮  ࠭-筨  孥 ⢥୮ ᫮ ࠭-. ࠭-⮬   ॣ SSE, ࠭-筨   128-⭮ ᯮ    ॣ SSE,  쨬 ࠭   8-⭮ ।⢥ 祭,  ⭮  祭  ⢮.  0  1 㪠뢠 祭  , ஥      ᫮ १,  2  3 㪠뢠 祭  , ஥    ஬  ᫮ १,  4  5 㪠뢠 祭  筨, ஥    쥬  ᫮ १,  6  7 㪠뢠 祭  筨, ஥     孥 ᫮ १.

    shufps xmm0,xmm0,10010011b ; ६訢  ᫮

    "unpckhps" ᮢ蠥 ६ ᯠ 祭  孨 ⥩ 筨    ࠭ १  ,    ॣ SSE. ࠭-筨   128-⭮ ᯮ    ॣ SSE. "unpcklps" ᮢ蠥 ६ ᯠ 祭   ⥩ 筨    ࠭ १  , ࠢ  ࠭ ⠪ .
    "cvtpi2ps"   ᦠ 楫 ᫠ ࠧ஬   ᫮   ᦠ 祭  饩 窮 ୮ 筮  ࠭ १   ⢥୮ ᫮ ,    ॣ SSE. ࠭-筨   64-⭮ ᯮ    ॣ MMX.

    cvtpi2ps xmm0,mm0  ;  楫 ᫠  祭 ୮ 筮

"cvtsi2ss"  楫 ᫮ ࠧ஬   ᫮  ᦠ⮥ 祭  饩 窮 ୮ 筮  ࠭ १    ᫮ ,    ॣ SSE. ࠭-筨   32-⭮ ᯮ    32- ॣ 饣 祭.

    cvtsi2ss xmm0,eax  ;  楫 ᫮  祭 ୮ 筮

"cvtps2pi"   ᦠ 祭  饩 窮 ୮ 筮   ᦠ 楫 ᫠ ࠧ஬   ᫮  ࠭ १  ,    ॣ MMX. ࠭-筨   64-⭮ ᯮ    ॣ SSE,  ஬ 㤥 ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮  ⢥୮ ᫮. "cvttps2pi" ᮢ蠥 宦 ,   㣫  ᯮ 뢠 ஡ , ࠢ  ࠭  ⮩ 樨 ⠪ .
    
    cvtps2pi mm0,xmm0  ;  祭 ୮ 筮  楫 ᫠

    "cvtss2si"  ᦠ⮥ 祭  饩 窮 ୮ 筮  ᦠ⮥ 楫 ᫮ ࠧ஬   ᫮  ࠭ १  ,    32- ॣ 饣 祭. ࠭-筨   32-⭮ ᯮ    ॣ SSE,  ஬ 㤥 ᯮ짮 ⮫쪮   ᫮. "cvttss2si" ᮢ蠥 宦 ,   㣫  ᯮ 뢠 ஡ , ࠢ  ࠭  ⮩ 樨 ⠪ .

    cvtss2si eax,xmm0  ;  祭 ୮ 筮  楫 ᫮

    "pextrw"  ᫮, 㪠 쨬 ࠭,  筨  . ࠭-筨   ॣ MMX, ࠭-⮬   32- ॣ 饣 祭 ( ᯮ ⮫쪮   ᫮), 쨬 ࠭   8-⭮ ।⢥ 祭.

    pextrw eax,mm0,1   ;  ᫮  eax

"pinsrw" ⠢ ᫮  筨    , 㪠 쨬 ࠭,     8-⭮ ।⢥ 祭. ࠭-⮬   ॣ MMX, ࠭-筨   32- ॣ 饣 祭 ( ᯮ ⮫쪮   ᫮).

    pinsrw mm1,ebx,2   ; ⠢ ᫮  ebx

"pavgb" and "pavgw"  । ᦠ ⮢  ᫮. "pmaxub" 頥 ᨬ ᦠ  ⮢, "pminub" 頥  ᦠ  ⮢, "pmaxsw" 頥 ᨬ ᦠ  ᫮, "pminsw" 頥  ᦠ  ᫮. "pmulhuw" ᮢ蠥  㬭 ᦠ ᫮  ࠭ 孨 ᫮ १⮢  ࠭-. "psadbw"  ᮫ ࠧ ᦠ  ⮢, 㬬  ࠧ  ࠭ १   ᫮ ࠭-.   樨 ᫥ ⥬  ࠢ  ࠭,   ᭮ 樨 MMX, ᠭ  ।饬 ࠣ.
    "pmovmskb" ᮧ    ⮢  ⮢  筨  ࠭ १    . ࠭-筨   ॣ MMX, ࠭-⮬   32- ॣ 饣 祭.
    "pshufw"  ᫮, 㪠 쨬 ࠭,  筨  . ࠭-⮬   ॣ MM, ࠭-筨   64-⭮ ᯮ    ॣ MMX, 쨬 ࠭   8-⭮ ।⢥ 祭, 롨饥,  祭  饭  , ⠪  ࠧ  ⨩ ࠭  樨 "shufps".
    "movntq" ॢ ⢥୮ ᫮  ࠭-筨  , ᯮ "-६  ⢮" (non-temporal hint), ⮡ ஢ 吝 . ࠭-筨   ॣ MMX, ࠭-⮬   64-⭮ ᯮ  . "movntps" ࠭ ᦠ 祭 ୮ 筮  ॣ SSE  , ᯮ "-६  ⢮". ࠭-筨   ॣ SSE, ࠭-⮬   128-⭮ ᯮ  . "maskmovq" ࠭ ࠭   ࢮ ࠭  64-⭮ ᯮ  , ᯮ "-६  ⢮".  ࠭  㦨 ॣ MMX, ன ࠭ 㪠뢠,    ࢮ ࠭   ᠭ  . ᯮ   㪠뢠 ॣ஬ DI ( EDI)  ᥣ, ।  DS.
    "prefetcht0", "prefetcht1", "prefetcht2" and "prefetchnta" 頥 ப   ,  ᮤন , 㪠  ࠭,  ।   娨 . ࠭   8-⭮ ᯮ  .
    "sfence" ॢ  ᫥⥫ ०  ।騥 , ᮢ騥   .  ⮩ 樨  ࠭.
    "ldmxcsr" 㦠 32- ࠭    ॣ MXCSR. "stmxsr" ࠭ ᮤন MXCSR  32- ࠭  .
    "fxsave" ࠭ ⥪騩  FPU, ॣ MXCSR   ॣ FPU  SSE  512-⭮ ᯮ  , 㪠  ࠭-. "fxstor" १㦠 , ࠭ ࠭ 樥 "fxsave"  512-⭮ ᯮ  . ࠭    権   ஢  16 ⠬, 㦭  ࠭ । ࠧ.


in Russian by Paranoik